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    Device-ID Overview
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    Device-ID Overview

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    Device-ID Overview

    Learn about Device-ID.
    According to the 2020 Unit 42 IoT Threat Report, 30% of all network-connected devices in an average enterprise are IoT. This presents a constantly growing area of risk with many possibilities for exploitation by malicious users. Additionally, once you identify these devices, how do you secure them from vulnerabilities such as outdated operating software? Using Device-ID™ on your firewalls, you can get device context for events on your network, obtain policy rule recommendations for those devices, write policy rules based on devices, and enforce Security policy based on the recommendations.
    Similar to how User-ID provides user-based policy rules and App-ID provides app-based policy rules, Device-ID provides policy rules that are based on a device, regardless of changes to its IP address or location. By providing traceability for devices and associating network events with specific devices, Device-ID lets you gain context for how events relate to devices and adds policy rules that are associated with devices, instead of users, locations, or IP addresses, which can change over time. You can use Device-ID in Security, Decryption, Quality of Service (QoS), and Authentication policies.
    For Device-ID features to be available on a firewall, you must purchase an IoT Security subscription and select the firewall during the IoT Security onboarding process. There are two types of IoT Security subscriptions:
    • IoT Security Subscription
    • IoT Security – Doesn’t Require Data Lake (DRDL) Subscription
    With the first subscription, firewalls send data logs to the logging service, which streams them to IoT Security for analysis and to a Cortex Data Lake instance for storage. The data lake instance can either be a new or existing one. With the second subscription, firewalls send data logs to the logging service, which streams them to IoT Security for analysis but not to a Cortex Data Lake instance for storage. It’s important to note that both IoT Security and IoT Security (DRDL) subscriptions provide the same functionality in terms of IoT Security and Device-ID.
    To permit connections to IoT Security, a firewall needs a device license; and to permit connections to the logging service, it needs a logging service license. A firewall also requires a device certificate to authenticate itself when connecting to IoT Security and the logging service.
    If you use PAN-OS version 8.1.0 through PAN-OS 9.1.x on a firewall, the IoT Security license provides device classification, behavior analysis, and threat analysis for your devices. If you use PAN-OS 10.0 or later, you can use Device-ID to obtain IP address-to-device mappings to view device context for network events, use IoT Security to obtain policy rule recommendations for these devices, and gain visibility for devices in reports and the ACC.
    You can create a device-based Security policy on any Panorama or firewall that uses PAN-OS version 10.0 or later. To enforce the Security policy, the device must have a valid IoT Security license.
    To identify and classify devices, the IoT Security app uses metadata from logs, network protocols, and sessions on the firewall. This does not include private or sensitive information or data that is not relevant for device identification. Metadata also forms the basis of the expected behavior for the device, which then establishes the criteria for the policy rule recommendation that defines what traffic and protocols to allow for that device.
    When a firewall imports Security policy rule recommendations and IP address-to-device mappings from IoT Security, the firewall sends its device certificate to an edge server to authenticate itself. The edge server authenticates itself to the firewall by sending its own certificate. The firewall uses Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to validate the server’s certificate by checking it against the following sites using HTTP on TCP port 80:
    • *.o.lencr.org
    • x1.c.lencr.org
    Panorama performs the same check to validate the edge server’s certificate when Panorama imports policy rule recommendations from IoT Security.
    After IoT Security identifies and classifies the devices in your network using the Palo Alto Networks firewalls already there—so you don’t have to implement new devices or third-party solutions—Device-ID can leverage this data to match devices with policy rules and provide device context for network events. Through the visibility that the firewall or Panorama provides for traffic, apps, users, devices, and threats, you can instantly trace network events back to individual devices and obtain Security policy rule recommendations for securing those devices.
    All firewall platforms that support PAN-OS 10.0 also support Device-ID and IoT Security with the exception of the VM-50 series, VM-200, and the CN series.
    There are six levels of classification (also known as attributes) for devices:
    AttributeExample
    Category
    Printer
    Profile
    Sharp Printer
    Model
    MX-6070N
    OS Version
    ThreadX 5
    OS Family
    ThreadX RTOS
    Vendor
    SHARP Corporation
    To obtain policy rule recommendations for devices in your network, the firewall observes traffic to generate Enhanced Application logs (EALs). The firewall then forwards the EALs to the logging service. IoT Security receives logs from the logging service for analysis, provides IP address-to-device mappings, and generates the latest policy rule recommendations for your devices. Using IoT Security, you can review these policy rule recommendations and create a set of Security policy rules for these devices. After you activate the policy rules in IoT Security, import them to the firewall or Panorama and commit your Security policy.
    To identify devices with dynamically assigned network settings, the firewall must be able to observe DHCP broadcast and unicast traffic on your network. IoT Security also supports static IP devices. The more traffic the firewall can observe, the more accurate the policy rule recommendations are for the device and the more rapid and accurate the IP address-to-device mappings are for the device. When a device sends DHCP traffic to obtain its network settings, the firewall observes this type of request and generates EALs to send to the logging service, where IoT Security accesses them for analysis.
    To observe traffic on an L2 interface, you must configure a VLAN for that interface. By allowing the firewall to treat the interface as an L3 interface for a DHCP relay, it can observe the DHCP broadcast traffic without impacting traffic or performance.
    Because the firewall needs to both detect the devices based on their traffic and then enforce Security policy for those devices, the firewall acts as both a sensor to collect metadata from devices and an enforcer by enforcing your Security policy for the devices. IoT Security automatically detects new devices as soon as they send DHCP traffic and can identify 95% of devices within the first week.
    Each application has an individual recommendation that automatically gets pushed to the firewall or Panorama as a rule when you activate its Security policy rule set in IoT Security. After you import a policy rule recommendation into the Security policy rulebase, the firewall or Panorama creates at least two objects to define the device behavior from the recommendation:
    • A source device object that identifies the device profile where traffic originates
    • One or more destination objects that identify the permitted destinations for the traffic, which can be a a device profile, IP address, or Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
    If any of the device objects already exist on the firewall or Panorama, the firewall or Panorama updates the device object instead of creating a new one. You can use these device objects in Security, authentication, decryption, and Quality of Service (QoS) policy rules.
    Additionally, the firewall assigns two tags to each rule:
    • One that identifies the source device, including the category (such as NetworkDevice - TrendNet).
    • One that indicates that the rule is an IoT policy rule recommendation (IoTSecurityRecommended).
    Because the tags that the firewall assigns to the rule are the only way to restore your mappings if they become out of sync, do not edit or remove them.
    For optimal deployment and operation of Device-ID, we recommend the following best practices:
    • Deploy Device-ID on firewalls that are centrally located in your network. For example, if you have a large environment, deploy Device-ID on a firewall that is upstream from the IP address management (IPAM) device. If you have a small environment, deploy Device-ID on a firewall that is acting as a DHCP server. For more deployment suggestions, see IoT Security Deployment Design Guide.
    • During initial deployment, allow Device-ID to collect metadata from your network for at least fourteen days. If devices are not active daily, the identification process might take longer.
    • Create device-based policy rules in order from your most to least critical devices. Use the following considerations to prioritize them:
      1. Class (secure networked devices first)
      2. Critical devices (such as servers or MRI machines)
      3. Environment-specific devices (such as fire alarms and badge readers)
      4. Consumer-facing IoT devices (such as a smart watch or smart speaker)
    • Enable Device-ID on a per-zone basis for internal zones only.

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